2024
Hume, J.B., Bennis, S., Bruning, T., Docker, M.F., Good, S., Lampman, R., Rinchard, J., Searcy, T., Wilkie, M.P., Johnson, N.S.
Evaluation of larval sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus growth in the laboratory: influence of temperature and diet Journal Article
In: Aquaculture Research, vol. 2024, no. 5547340, 2024.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: aquaculture, growth, management, sea lamprey
@article{nokey,
title = {Evaluation of larval sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus growth in the laboratory: influence of temperature and diet},
author = {Hume, J.B., Bennis, S., Bruning, T., Docker, M.F., Good, S., Lampman, R., Rinchard, J., Searcy, T., Wilkie, M.P., Johnson, N.S.},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5547340},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-02-02},
urldate = {2024-02-02},
journal = {Aquaculture Research},
volume = {2024},
number = {5547340},
abstract = {Conservation aquaculture provides a means for promoting environmental stewardship, useful both in the context of restoring
native species and limiting the production of invasive species. Aquaculture of lampreys is a relatively recent endeavor aimed
primarily at producing animals to support the restoration of declining native populations. However, in the Laurentian Great Lakes,
where sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus are invasive, the ability to acquire a reliable source of certain life stages would be a
significant benefit to those controlling their populations and studying the species. Here, we apply methodologies developed for
Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus restoration to investigate the feasibility of rearing larval sea lamprey under laboratory
conditions. In two experiments lasting 3 and 9 months, we tested the effects of different dietary sources and water temperature
(ambient and controlled) on the survival and growth of wild-caught larvae. Rearing conditions had no effect on mortality, as larval
survival was 100% in both experiments. Growth was significantly affected by water temperature, with the highest average daily
growth rates observed at 22 and 15°C (0.14 mm day−1
) and lowest at 8°C (0.06 mm day−1
). Diets of yeast alone (0.19 and 0.21 g L−1
)
performed better than those comprising a mixture of yeast and other material when fed 3 times weekly (rice flour, wheat flour, fish
meal; 0.19 and 0.32 g L−1
). Averaged across the three constant temperatures (8, 15, and 22°C), larvae fed on yeast grew 0.13 mm day−1
and 0.01 g day−1
, whereas on yeast + fish meal, they grew 0.09 mm day−1 and 0.01 g day−1
. At ambient temperature (4–20°C), larvae
fed on yeast grew 0.15 mm day−1 and 0.01 g day−1
, whereas those fed on yeast + wheat flour grew 0.13 mm day−1 and 0.008 g day−1
and those fed on yeast + rice flour grew 0.12 mm day−1 and 0.009 g day−1
. An experimental duration of 90 days was sufficient to
detect significant changes to larval sea lamprey growth stemming from temperature variation. Overall, rearing of sea lamprey in
captivity appears feasible at low density (31–32 g m−2 and 17–25 larvae m−2
), but uncertainties remain regarding the most appro-
priate means of providing adequate feed for these fish in high-density conditions.},
keywords = {aquaculture, growth, management, sea lamprey},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Conservation aquaculture provides a means for promoting environmental stewardship, useful both in the context of restoring
native species and limiting the production of invasive species. Aquaculture of lampreys is a relatively recent endeavor aimed
primarily at producing animals to support the restoration of declining native populations. However, in the Laurentian Great Lakes,
where sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus are invasive, the ability to acquire a reliable source of certain life stages would be a
significant benefit to those controlling their populations and studying the species. Here, we apply methodologies developed for
Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus restoration to investigate the feasibility of rearing larval sea lamprey under laboratory
conditions. In two experiments lasting 3 and 9 months, we tested the effects of different dietary sources and water temperature
(ambient and controlled) on the survival and growth of wild-caught larvae. Rearing conditions had no effect on mortality, as larval
survival was 100% in both experiments. Growth was significantly affected by water temperature, with the highest average daily
growth rates observed at 22 and 15°C (0.14 mm day−1
) and lowest at 8°C (0.06 mm day−1
). Diets of yeast alone (0.19 and 0.21 g L−1
)
performed better than those comprising a mixture of yeast and other material when fed 3 times weekly (rice flour, wheat flour, fish
meal; 0.19 and 0.32 g L−1
). Averaged across the three constant temperatures (8, 15, and 22°C), larvae fed on yeast grew 0.13 mm day−1
and 0.01 g day−1
, whereas on yeast + fish meal, they grew 0.09 mm day−1 and 0.01 g day−1
. At ambient temperature (4–20°C), larvae
fed on yeast grew 0.15 mm day−1 and 0.01 g day−1
, whereas those fed on yeast + wheat flour grew 0.13 mm day−1 and 0.008 g day−1
and those fed on yeast + rice flour grew 0.12 mm day−1 and 0.009 g day−1
. An experimental duration of 90 days was sufficient to
detect significant changes to larval sea lamprey growth stemming from temperature variation. Overall, rearing of sea lamprey in
captivity appears feasible at low density (31–32 g m−2 and 17–25 larvae m−2
), but uncertainties remain regarding the most appro-
priate means of providing adequate feed for these fish in high-density conditions.
native species and limiting the production of invasive species. Aquaculture of lampreys is a relatively recent endeavor aimed
primarily at producing animals to support the restoration of declining native populations. However, in the Laurentian Great Lakes,
where sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus are invasive, the ability to acquire a reliable source of certain life stages would be a
significant benefit to those controlling their populations and studying the species. Here, we apply methodologies developed for
Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus restoration to investigate the feasibility of rearing larval sea lamprey under laboratory
conditions. In two experiments lasting 3 and 9 months, we tested the effects of different dietary sources and water temperature
(ambient and controlled) on the survival and growth of wild-caught larvae. Rearing conditions had no effect on mortality, as larval
survival was 100% in both experiments. Growth was significantly affected by water temperature, with the highest average daily
growth rates observed at 22 and 15°C (0.14 mm day−1
) and lowest at 8°C (0.06 mm day−1
). Diets of yeast alone (0.19 and 0.21 g L−1
)
performed better than those comprising a mixture of yeast and other material when fed 3 times weekly (rice flour, wheat flour, fish
meal; 0.19 and 0.32 g L−1
). Averaged across the three constant temperatures (8, 15, and 22°C), larvae fed on yeast grew 0.13 mm day−1
and 0.01 g day−1
, whereas on yeast + fish meal, they grew 0.09 mm day−1 and 0.01 g day−1
. At ambient temperature (4–20°C), larvae
fed on yeast grew 0.15 mm day−1 and 0.01 g day−1
, whereas those fed on yeast + wheat flour grew 0.13 mm day−1 and 0.008 g day−1
and those fed on yeast + rice flour grew 0.12 mm day−1 and 0.009 g day−1
. An experimental duration of 90 days was sufficient to
detect significant changes to larval sea lamprey growth stemming from temperature variation. Overall, rearing of sea lamprey in
captivity appears feasible at low density (31–32 g m−2 and 17–25 larvae m−2
), but uncertainties remain regarding the most appro-
priate means of providing adequate feed for these fish in high-density conditions.
2021
Docker, M.F., Johnson, N.S., Bravener, G.A., Garroway, C., Hammers, B., Hrodey, P., Hume, J.B., Lewandoski, S., Young, B., Zollweg-Horan, E.C., & Ogden, J.
A review of sea lamprey dispersal and population structure in the Great Lakes and the implications for control Journal Article
In: Journal of Great Lakes Research, vol. 47, S1, pp. S549-S569, 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: control, genetics, management, migration, sea lamprey
@article{nokey,
title = {A review of sea lamprey dispersal and population structure in the Great Lakes and the implications for control},
author = {Docker, M.F., Johnson, N.S., Bravener, G.A., Garroway, C., Hammers, B., Hrodey, P., Hume, J.B., Lewandoski, S., Young, B., Zollweg-Horan, E.C., & Ogden, J. },
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2021.09.015},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-12-01},
urldate = {2025-12-01},
journal = {Journal of Great Lakes Research},
volume = {47, S1},
pages = {S549-S569},
abstract = {Understanding the population structure of invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Great Lakes basin is essential for an effective control program. We review knowledge of lake connectivity, dispersal during the parasitic stage, and results from phenotypic, demographic, and genetic studies to evaluate how sea lamprey populations are structured. There is no evidence for contemporary movement between Lake Ontario and the Atlantic population, although it appears possible. Dispersal between Lake Ontario and the Finger Lakes is more likely, as is contemporary movement between Lakes Ontario and Erie via the Welland Canal, although neither has been directly observed. Downstream movement from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario via the Niagara River has been reported. Bidirectional movement between Lakes Erie and Huron has been observed, and movement of sea lamprey among the upper Great Lakes (especially between Lakes Huron and Michigan) is relatively common, although complete mixing likely does not occur. The maximum straight-line dispersal distance reported for a tagged sea lamprey was 628 km between the St. Marys River and western Lake Erie. Genetic population studies using a variety of molecular markers generally found weak but significant broad-scale population structure (e.g., between freshwater and anadromous populations, and among Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, and the upper Great Lakes), but finer-scale structure was rarely detected. Nevertheless, some within-basin structure is suggested by regional differences in phenotypic and demographic traits (e.g., sex ratio, body size). Further study will be important because management is most efficiently targeted when the geography of demographically independent populations is well-characterized.},
keywords = {control, genetics, management, migration, sea lamprey},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Understanding the population structure of invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Great Lakes basin is essential for an effective control program. We review knowledge of lake connectivity, dispersal during the parasitic stage, and results from phenotypic, demographic, and genetic studies to evaluate how sea lamprey populations are structured. There is no evidence for contemporary movement between Lake Ontario and the Atlantic population, although it appears possible. Dispersal between Lake Ontario and the Finger Lakes is more likely, as is contemporary movement between Lakes Ontario and Erie via the Welland Canal, although neither has been directly observed. Downstream movement from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario via the Niagara River has been reported. Bidirectional movement between Lakes Erie and Huron has been observed, and movement of sea lamprey among the upper Great Lakes (especially between Lakes Huron and Michigan) is relatively common, although complete mixing likely does not occur. The maximum straight-line dispersal distance reported for a tagged sea lamprey was 628 km between the St. Marys River and western Lake Erie. Genetic population studies using a variety of molecular markers generally found weak but significant broad-scale population structure (e.g., between freshwater and anadromous populations, and among Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, and the upper Great Lakes), but finer-scale structure was rarely detected. Nevertheless, some within-basin structure is suggested by regional differences in phenotypic and demographic traits (e.g., sex ratio, body size). Further study will be important because management is most efficiently targeted when the geography of demographically independent populations is well-characterized.
Hume, J.B., Almeida, P.R., Buckley, C., Criger, L.A., Madenjian, C.P., Robinson, K.F., Wang, C. & Muir, A.M.
In: Journal of Great Lakes Research, vol. 47, S1, pp. S704–S722, 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: climate, conservation, control, growth, management, migration, sea lamprey, trap
@article{nokey,
title = {Managing native and non-native sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) through anthropogenic change: a prospective assessment of key threats and uncertainties},
author = {Hume, J.B., Almeida, P.R., Buckley, C., Criger, L.A., Madenjian, C.P., Robinson, K.F., Wang, C. & Muir, A.M.},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2020.08.015},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-12-01},
urldate = {2021-12-01},
journal = {Journal of Great Lakes Research},
volume = {47, S1},
pages = {S704–S722},
abstract = {Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) is a species of conservation concern in their native range of the Atlantic coasts of Europe (Near Threatened to Critically Endangered) and North America (Secure to Critically Imperiled), and an invasive species of great economic and ecological concern in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Despite differences in life history strategy (anadromous natives vs adfluvial non-natives), the biology of sea lamprey is sufficiently similar to expect comparable responses to large-scale environmental change. We take a prospective look at the future (50 to 100 years) of sea lamprey management in an era of considerable environmental disturbance, and consider biological responses, management actions, and the future status of populations across the native and non-native ranges. Based on facilitated discussion by a diverse group of international experts, two major but poorly characterized classes of threats to sea lamprey were identified: climate change and socio-political issues. We discuss how climate induced changes affect growth, bioenergetics, and phenology of sea lamprey, and associated effects on control tactics (pesticides and barriers) and conservation. We consider tensions surrounding improving connectivity in the Great Lakes while controlling invasive sea lamprey, and discuss supplements and alternatives to pesticides and their wider effect, as well as the effects of new invasive species. To prevent the extirpation of native sea lamprey populations, or the re-expansion of non-native populations, we conclude with a call for new and ongoing dialogue and collaboration among all sea lamprey biologists and managers across the native and non-native range.},
keywords = {climate, conservation, control, growth, management, migration, sea lamprey, trap},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) is a species of conservation concern in their native range of the Atlantic coasts of Europe (Near Threatened to Critically Endangered) and North America (Secure to Critically Imperiled), and an invasive species of great economic and ecological concern in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Despite differences in life history strategy (anadromous natives vs adfluvial non-natives), the biology of sea lamprey is sufficiently similar to expect comparable responses to large-scale environmental change. We take a prospective look at the future (50 to 100 years) of sea lamprey management in an era of considerable environmental disturbance, and consider biological responses, management actions, and the future status of populations across the native and non-native ranges. Based on facilitated discussion by a diverse group of international experts, two major but poorly characterized classes of threats to sea lamprey were identified: climate change and socio-political issues. We discuss how climate induced changes affect growth, bioenergetics, and phenology of sea lamprey, and associated effects on control tactics (pesticides and barriers) and conservation. We consider tensions surrounding improving connectivity in the Great Lakes while controlling invasive sea lamprey, and discuss supplements and alternatives to pesticides and their wider effect, as well as the effects of new invasive species. To prevent the extirpation of native sea lamprey populations, or the re-expansion of non-native populations, we conclude with a call for new and ongoing dialogue and collaboration among all sea lamprey biologists and managers across the native and non-native range.
Hume, J.B., Bracken, F.S.A., Mateus, C.S. & Brant, C.O.
Synergizing basic and applied research approaches to help understand lamprey biology and support management actions Journal Article
In: Journal of Great Lakes Research, vol. 47, S1, pp. S24–S37, 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: conservation, control, management
@article{nokey,
title = {Synergizing basic and applied research approaches to help understand lamprey biology and support management actions},
author = {Hume, J.B., Bracken, F.S.A., Mateus, C.S. & Brant, C.O.},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2020.07.002},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-12-01},
urldate = {2021-12-01},
journal = {Journal of Great Lakes Research},
volume = {47, S1},
pages = {S24–S37},
abstract = {Lampreys (Petromyzontiformes) are a key component of freshwater ecosystems throughout temperate parts of the world. Of the 44 described species of lamprey, the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) is certainly the most commonly recognized. This species has expanded its range from the Atlantic Ocean basin where it is of conservation concern in North America and Europe into the Laurentian Great Lakes where it is subject to a large-scale international control program. Many other species of lamprey are imperiled and require management intervention to ensure their persistence. These management efforts range from routine assessment and monitoring to active or proposed restoration plans where they have been extirpated. Regardless of whether the goal is to control or conserve a given lamprey population, an understanding of their basic biology is paramount when generating and executing management plans. Here, we take a broad look across core aspects of biology (survival, foraging, and reproduction) that encompass challenges and opportunities in regard to future science-based management of lampreys. We attempt to synergize basic and applied research to highlight where these findings are most applicable to solving management problems and reveal knowledge gaps. We conclude by suggesting future research avenues and questions aimed to stimulate progress in both basic and applied lamprey research.},
keywords = {conservation, control, management},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Lampreys (Petromyzontiformes) are a key component of freshwater ecosystems throughout temperate parts of the world. Of the 44 described species of lamprey, the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) is certainly the most commonly recognized. This species has expanded its range from the Atlantic Ocean basin where it is of conservation concern in North America and Europe into the Laurentian Great Lakes where it is subject to a large-scale international control program. Many other species of lamprey are imperiled and require management intervention to ensure their persistence. These management efforts range from routine assessment and monitoring to active or proposed restoration plans where they have been extirpated. Regardless of whether the goal is to control or conserve a given lamprey population, an understanding of their basic biology is paramount when generating and executing management plans. Here, we take a broad look across core aspects of biology (survival, foraging, and reproduction) that encompass challenges and opportunities in regard to future science-based management of lampreys. We attempt to synergize basic and applied research to highlight where these findings are most applicable to solving management problems and reveal knowledge gaps. We conclude by suggesting future research avenues and questions aimed to stimulate progress in both basic and applied lamprey research.
Lucas, M.C., Hume, J.B., Almeida, P.R., Aronsuu, K., Habit, E., Silva, S., Wang, C. & Zampatti, B.
Emerging conservation initiatives for lampreys: research challenges and opportunities Journal Article
In: Journal of Great Lakes Research, vol. 47, S1, pp. S690–S703, 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: climate, conservation, control, management
@article{nokey,
title = {Emerging conservation initiatives for lampreys: research challenges and opportunities},
author = {Lucas, M.C., Hume, J.B., Almeida, P.R., Aronsuu, K., Habit, E., Silva, S., Wang, C. & Zampatti, B.},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2020.06.004},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-12-01},
urldate = {2021-12-01},
journal = {Journal of Great Lakes Research},
volume = {47, S1},
pages = {S690–S703},
abstract = {Lampreys worldwide face multiple anthropogenic stressors. Several species are ‘at-risk’ listed, yet abundance data for most remain insufficient to adequately assess conservation status. Lamprey population declines are largely due to habitat degradation and fragmentation, pollution, and exploitation. Conservation priorities include: quantification of population trends and distribution; identification of Evolutionarily Significant Units; improved water quality and habitat; barrier removal or effective mitigation; ecologically-sensitive river flow management and hydropower planning; and mitigation of climate change impacts. There is urgent need for ecological and population demographics data for multiple species, particularly those in the Southern Hemisphere, Caspian Sea region, and Mexico. Irrigation and damming are already extensive, or rapidly expanding (e.g. Chile), while water-stressed regions (Mexico, California, Chile, Australia, Iberia) may be further impacted by climate change-induced flow alteration and increased temperatures. Barrier removal should benefit lampreys by increasing available habitat. However, fishways vary in effectiveness and are often inadequate, but present research opportunities encompassing ecohydraulics, biotelemetry and engineering. Environmental DNA permits rapid assessment of lamprey distribution within catchments, especially if improvements to distinguishing genetically similar groups are possible. Marine environments may play a critical role in population dynamics yet remain a “black box” in anadromous lamprey biology. Studying juvenile lamprey ecology is a substantial challenge but should be a priority. Some examples are monitoring of parasitic feeding-phase lamprey through trawl surveys and fisheries bycatch, telemetry of movements, or examining chemical tracers of marine habitat use. Knowledge transfer between the sea lamprey control programme and native-lamprey biologists worldwide remains crucial to developing effective lamprey management.},
keywords = {climate, conservation, control, management},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Lampreys worldwide face multiple anthropogenic stressors. Several species are ‘at-risk’ listed, yet abundance data for most remain insufficient to adequately assess conservation status. Lamprey population declines are largely due to habitat degradation and fragmentation, pollution, and exploitation. Conservation priorities include: quantification of population trends and distribution; identification of Evolutionarily Significant Units; improved water quality and habitat; barrier removal or effective mitigation; ecologically-sensitive river flow management and hydropower planning; and mitigation of climate change impacts. There is urgent need for ecological and population demographics data for multiple species, particularly those in the Southern Hemisphere, Caspian Sea region, and Mexico. Irrigation and damming are already extensive, or rapidly expanding (e.g. Chile), while water-stressed regions (Mexico, California, Chile, Australia, Iberia) may be further impacted by climate change-induced flow alteration and increased temperatures. Barrier removal should benefit lampreys by increasing available habitat. However, fishways vary in effectiveness and are often inadequate, but present research opportunities encompassing ecohydraulics, biotelemetry and engineering. Environmental DNA permits rapid assessment of lamprey distribution within catchments, especially if improvements to distinguishing genetically similar groups are possible. Marine environments may play a critical role in population dynamics yet remain a “black box” in anadromous lamprey biology. Studying juvenile lamprey ecology is a substantial challenge but should be a priority. Some examples are monitoring of parasitic feeding-phase lamprey through trawl surveys and fisheries bycatch, telemetry of movements, or examining chemical tracers of marine habitat use. Knowledge transfer between the sea lamprey control programme and native-lamprey biologists worldwide remains crucial to developing effective lamprey management.
2020
Hume, J.B., Lucas, M.C., Reinhardt, U., Hrodey, P.J. & Wagner, C.M.
Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) transit of a ramp equipped with studded substrate: implications for fish passage and invasive species control Journal Article
In: Ecological Engineering, vol. 155, no. 10597, 2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: alarm cue, conservation, control, fishway, management, sea lamprey, trap
@article{nokey,
title = {Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) transit of a ramp equipped with studded substrate: implications for fish passage and invasive species control},
author = {Hume, J.B., Lucas, M.C., Reinhardt, U., Hrodey, P.J. & Wagner, C.M.},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.105957},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-08-01},
urldate = {2020-08-01},
journal = {Ecological Engineering},
volume = {155},
number = {10597},
abstract = {Anguilliform-swimming fishes (eels, lampreys) are undergoing large and global declines due partly to an inability to pass dams via traditional fishways. The installation of “eel ladders” (wetted, studded/bristle substrates that permit these fishes to climb over obstructions) offer a potential solution.
We examined the behaviour of migrating sub-adult sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) as they approached and attempted to ascend a 45° studded ramp in a mesocosm placed in a river. We also examined motivation to use the ramp in the presence of a conspecific alarm cue that signals predation risk.
Entrance (75%) and attraction efficiency (85%) were high, but reduced by the presence of alarm cue. In total, 98% of sea lamprey attracted to the base of the ramp ascended, and alarm cue had no effect. Time to ascend the ramp (post-release) was variable (1–521 min) and on average was 119 min (50% probability = 35 min). Few sea lamprey required multiple attempts to ascend (19.8%) and was more likely during longer transit times, with multiple ramp attachments, and with higher body mass. Propensity to attach to the ramp increased with number of attempts. The high efficacy of this design, compared to poor-mediocre efficiencies of similar designs in previous studies, may be related to water velocity and depth, geometry of substrate studs, substrate presentation (horizontal/vertical, and incline), and length of studded substrate.
Studded ramps represent a substantial opportunity for managers attempting to selectively pass anguilliform fishes over dams, aiding conservation efforts. Applications to the management of sea lamprey include removal in their non-native Great Lakes range, and fish passage in their native range.},
keywords = {alarm cue, conservation, control, fishway, management, sea lamprey, trap},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Anguilliform-swimming fishes (eels, lampreys) are undergoing large and global declines due partly to an inability to pass dams via traditional fishways. The installation of “eel ladders” (wetted, studded/bristle substrates that permit these fishes to climb over obstructions) offer a potential solution.
We examined the behaviour of migrating sub-adult sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) as they approached and attempted to ascend a 45° studded ramp in a mesocosm placed in a river. We also examined motivation to use the ramp in the presence of a conspecific alarm cue that signals predation risk.
Entrance (75%) and attraction efficiency (85%) were high, but reduced by the presence of alarm cue. In total, 98% of sea lamprey attracted to the base of the ramp ascended, and alarm cue had no effect. Time to ascend the ramp (post-release) was variable (1–521 min) and on average was 119 min (50% probability = 35 min). Few sea lamprey required multiple attempts to ascend (19.8%) and was more likely during longer transit times, with multiple ramp attachments, and with higher body mass. Propensity to attach to the ramp increased with number of attempts. The high efficacy of this design, compared to poor-mediocre efficiencies of similar designs in previous studies, may be related to water velocity and depth, geometry of substrate studs, substrate presentation (horizontal/vertical, and incline), and length of studded substrate.
Studded ramps represent a substantial opportunity for managers attempting to selectively pass anguilliform fishes over dams, aiding conservation efforts. Applications to the management of sea lamprey include removal in their non-native Great Lakes range, and fish passage in their native range.
We examined the behaviour of migrating sub-adult sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) as they approached and attempted to ascend a 45° studded ramp in a mesocosm placed in a river. We also examined motivation to use the ramp in the presence of a conspecific alarm cue that signals predation risk.
Entrance (75%) and attraction efficiency (85%) were high, but reduced by the presence of alarm cue. In total, 98% of sea lamprey attracted to the base of the ramp ascended, and alarm cue had no effect. Time to ascend the ramp (post-release) was variable (1–521 min) and on average was 119 min (50% probability = 35 min). Few sea lamprey required multiple attempts to ascend (19.8%) and was more likely during longer transit times, with multiple ramp attachments, and with higher body mass. Propensity to attach to the ramp increased with number of attempts. The high efficacy of this design, compared to poor-mediocre efficiencies of similar designs in previous studies, may be related to water velocity and depth, geometry of substrate studs, substrate presentation (horizontal/vertical, and incline), and length of studded substrate.
Studded ramps represent a substantial opportunity for managers attempting to selectively pass anguilliform fishes over dams, aiding conservation efforts. Applications to the management of sea lamprey include removal in their non-native Great Lakes range, and fish passage in their native range.
Hume, J.B., Luhring, T.M. & Wagner, C.M.
In: Biological Invasions, vol. 22, pp. 2129–2142, 2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: alarm cue, control, management, migration, sea lamprey, semiochemical, trap
@article{nokey,
title = {Push, pull, or push-pull? An alarm cue better guides sea lamprey towards capture devices than a mating pheromone during the reproductive migration},
author = {Hume, J.B., Luhring, T.M. & Wagner, C.M. },
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-020-02242-4},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-03-16},
journal = {Biological Invasions},
volume = {22},
pages = {2129–2142},
abstract = {Widespread interest in the development of environmentally safe management actions has prompted research into the use of sensory cues to manipulate the movements of invasive species. The push–pull approach, for which attractive and repellent semiochemicals operate synergistically to guide individuals toward traps, has proven successful in insect pest management applications. We examined the effectiveness of a natural repellent (an alarm cue) and a natural attractant (a partial sex pheromone) in push-only (repel), pull-only (attract), and push–pull configurations, to guide invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) toward and into a target trap during spawning migration into rivers. Using PIT telemetry to monitor sea lamprey movement within the river, we found that the alarm cue was capable of strongly altering sea lamprey distribution, “pushing” them toward target areas and generating rates of encounter with trap entrances sufficient to achieve trapping-for-control targets. Encounter rate with trap entrances was not improved, but performed more consistently, with the addition of the attractant in the push–pull configuration. There was evidence this could stem from a transition in internal state of motivation, from migration to reproduction. Use of the attractant alone was ineffective. No odor combination improved trap captures. We conclude that push–pull strategies will prove effective in guiding sea lamprey movements and recommend two improvements for subsequent testing in management scenarios: (1) use of a superior attractant (e.g. a sea lamprey migratory cue derived from conspecific larvae), and (2) its subsequent application to a capture methodology based on the entrainment of individuals near trap entrances.},
keywords = {alarm cue, control, management, migration, sea lamprey, semiochemical, trap},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Widespread interest in the development of environmentally safe management actions has prompted research into the use of sensory cues to manipulate the movements of invasive species. The push–pull approach, for which attractive and repellent semiochemicals operate synergistically to guide individuals toward traps, has proven successful in insect pest management applications. We examined the effectiveness of a natural repellent (an alarm cue) and a natural attractant (a partial sex pheromone) in push-only (repel), pull-only (attract), and push–pull configurations, to guide invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) toward and into a target trap during spawning migration into rivers. Using PIT telemetry to monitor sea lamprey movement within the river, we found that the alarm cue was capable of strongly altering sea lamprey distribution, “pushing” them toward target areas and generating rates of encounter with trap entrances sufficient to achieve trapping-for-control targets. Encounter rate with trap entrances was not improved, but performed more consistently, with the addition of the attractant in the push–pull configuration. There was evidence this could stem from a transition in internal state of motivation, from migration to reproduction. Use of the attractant alone was ineffective. No odor combination improved trap captures. We conclude that push–pull strategies will prove effective in guiding sea lamprey movements and recommend two improvements for subsequent testing in management scenarios: (1) use of a superior attractant (e.g. a sea lamprey migratory cue derived from conspecific larvae), and (2) its subsequent application to a capture methodology based on the entrainment of individuals near trap entrances.
2019
Docker, M.F. & Hume, J.B.
There and back again: lampreys in the 21st century and beyond Book Chapter
In: Docker, M. F. (Ed.): vol. 2, Chapter 7, pp. 527–570, Springer Dordrecht, 2019.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: conservation, management
@inbook{nokey,
title = {There and back again: lampreys in the 21st century and beyond},
author = {Docker, M.F. & Hume, J.B.},
editor = {Docker, M.F.},
url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-024-1684-8_7},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-06-04},
urldate = {2019-06-04},
volume = {2},
pages = {527–570},
publisher = {Springer Dordrecht},
chapter = {7},
series = {Fish & Fisheries Series},
abstract = {The 21st century is proving to be an exciting time to study lamprey biology. Lampreys have long provided important insights into key developments in vertebrate evolution; research in support of sea lamprey control in the Laurentian Great Lakes has made significant contributions to our understanding of lamprey biology; and there is now (near) global interest in the conservation of threatened lamprey species. Furthermore, we are beginning to see a convergence of these formerly discrete research areas, as well as greater interactions and knowledge exchange between researchers and managers from different geographic regions. In this conclusion to Volumes 1 and 2 of Lampreys: Biology, Conservation and Control, we provide an overview of some exciting advances in our knowledge of lamprey biology and potential challenges facing lampreys and lamprey biologists in the near future. Recent advances and remaining knowledge gaps in many aspects of fundamental lamprey biology are covered in other chapters in these two volumes; here, we focus on the intersection of biology, conservation, and control. For example, molecular analysis has resolved many of the previous uncertainties regarding lamprey phylogenetic relationships, but continued uncertainties (e.g., the relationship between “paired” parasitic and non-parasitic lampreys) and lack of an explicit phylogenetic framework contribute to ongoing confusion among biologists regarding correct lamprey nomenclature. Although lamprey taxonomy will no doubt continue to be revised as we refine our hypotheses regarding the evolutionary relationships among lampreys, it is important that we: (1) use consistent and accepted species names to enable accurate communication between researchers and managers from different regions; and (2) recognize that conservation legislation acknowledges biological diversity below the species level (i.e., evolutionarily significant units, ESUs) so that genetically or otherwise distinct lamprey populations are eligible for protection without prematurely or inconsistently describing each as a distinct species. Novel methodologies that are contributing to our understanding of lamprey biology and that have exciting applications to lamprey conservation and control include: (1) improvements to deepwater larval sampling methods to help evaluate the extent to which lentic and deep riverine habitats are used by different lamprey species; (2) improved tools for monitoring the spawning migration; (3) environmental DNA (eDNA) and pheromone detection assays that have the potential to provide cost-effective supplements to traditional lamprey survey methods; and (4) genetic and genomic tools that are being used in a variety of ways to help refine our understanding of lamprey biology (e.g., mating systems, larval dispersal and growth rates) and to aid conservation and control efforts (e.g., elucidating genetic stock structure, monitoring the success of translocation efforts). Not surprisingly, advances and challenges related to lamprey control and conservation are often “two sides of the same coin.” This is particularly true with respect to passage of upstream migrants at anthropogenic barriers, and knowledge of lamprey behavior at barriers is being used to both block sea lamprey migration in Great Lakes tributaries and enhance passage efficiency for other lampreys elsewhere. Achieving successful lamprey conservation and control will also require positive public and legislative attitudes towards species in need of conservation and continued public support and acceptance of sea lamprey control efforts. Pursuit of genetic control options in particular will need to address ethical and societal concerns.},
keywords = {conservation, management},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
The 21st century is proving to be an exciting time to study lamprey biology. Lampreys have long provided important insights into key developments in vertebrate evolution; research in support of sea lamprey control in the Laurentian Great Lakes has made significant contributions to our understanding of lamprey biology; and there is now (near) global interest in the conservation of threatened lamprey species. Furthermore, we are beginning to see a convergence of these formerly discrete research areas, as well as greater interactions and knowledge exchange between researchers and managers from different geographic regions. In this conclusion to Volumes 1 and 2 of Lampreys: Biology, Conservation and Control, we provide an overview of some exciting advances in our knowledge of lamprey biology and potential challenges facing lampreys and lamprey biologists in the near future. Recent advances and remaining knowledge gaps in many aspects of fundamental lamprey biology are covered in other chapters in these two volumes; here, we focus on the intersection of biology, conservation, and control. For example, molecular analysis has resolved many of the previous uncertainties regarding lamprey phylogenetic relationships, but continued uncertainties (e.g., the relationship between “paired” parasitic and non-parasitic lampreys) and lack of an explicit phylogenetic framework contribute to ongoing confusion among biologists regarding correct lamprey nomenclature. Although lamprey taxonomy will no doubt continue to be revised as we refine our hypotheses regarding the evolutionary relationships among lampreys, it is important that we: (1) use consistent and accepted species names to enable accurate communication between researchers and managers from different regions; and (2) recognize that conservation legislation acknowledges biological diversity below the species level (i.e., evolutionarily significant units, ESUs) so that genetically or otherwise distinct lamprey populations are eligible for protection without prematurely or inconsistently describing each as a distinct species. Novel methodologies that are contributing to our understanding of lamprey biology and that have exciting applications to lamprey conservation and control include: (1) improvements to deepwater larval sampling methods to help evaluate the extent to which lentic and deep riverine habitats are used by different lamprey species; (2) improved tools for monitoring the spawning migration; (3) environmental DNA (eDNA) and pheromone detection assays that have the potential to provide cost-effective supplements to traditional lamprey survey methods; and (4) genetic and genomic tools that are being used in a variety of ways to help refine our understanding of lamprey biology (e.g., mating systems, larval dispersal and growth rates) and to aid conservation and control efforts (e.g., elucidating genetic stock structure, monitoring the success of translocation efforts). Not surprisingly, advances and challenges related to lamprey control and conservation are often “two sides of the same coin.” This is particularly true with respect to passage of upstream migrants at anthropogenic barriers, and knowledge of lamprey behavior at barriers is being used to both block sea lamprey migration in Great Lakes tributaries and enhance passage efficiency for other lampreys elsewhere. Achieving successful lamprey conservation and control will also require positive public and legislative attitudes towards species in need of conservation and continued public support and acceptance of sea lamprey control efforts. Pursuit of genetic control options in particular will need to address ethical and societal concerns.
2018
Hume, J.B., Recknagel, H., Bean, C.W., Adams, C.E. & Mable, B.K.
In: Molecular Ecology, vol. 27, iss. 22, pp. 4572–4590, 2018.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: conservation, genetics, management, speciation
@article{nokey,
title = {RADseq and mate choice assays reveal unidirectional gene flow among three lamprey ecotypes despite weak assortative mating: insights into the formation and stability of multiple ecotypes in sympatry},
author = {Hume, J.B., Recknagel, H., Bean, C.W., Adams, C.E. & Mable, B.K. },
url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.14881},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-09-25},
urldate = {2018-09-25},
journal = {Molecular Ecology},
volume = {27},
issue = {22},
pages = {4572–4590},
abstract = {Adaptive divergence with gene flow often results in complex patterns of variation within taxa exhibiting substantial ecological differences among populations. One example where this may have occurred is the parallel evolution of freshwater-resident nonparasitic lampreys from anadromous-parasitic ancestors. Previous studies have focused on transitions between these two phenotypic extremes, but here, we considered more complex evolutionary scenarios where an intermediate freshwater form that remains parasitic is found sympatrically with the other two ecotypes. Using population genomic analysis (restriction-associated DNA sequencing), we found that a freshwater-parasitic ecotype was highly distinct from an anadromous-parasitic form (Qlake-P = 96.8%, Fst = 0.154), but that a freshwater-nonparasitic form was almost completely admixed in Loch Lomond, Scotland. Demographic reconstructions indicated that both freshwater populations likely derived from a common freshwater ancestor. However, while the nonparasitic ecotype has experienced high levels of introgression from the anadromous-parasitic ecotype (Qanad-P = 37.7%), there is no evidence of introgression into the freshwater-parasitic ecotype. Paradoxically, mate choice experiments predicted high potential for gene flow: Males from all ecotypes were stimulated to spawn with freshwater-parasitic females, which released gametes in response to all ecotypes. Differentially fixed single nucleotide polymorphisms identified genes associated with growth and development, which could possibly influence the timing of metamorphosis, resulting in significant ecological differences between forms. This suggests that multiple lamprey ecotypes can persist in sympatry following shifts in adaptive peaks, due to environmental change during their repeated colonization of post-glacial regions, followed by periods of extensive gene flow among such diverging populations.},
keywords = {conservation, genetics, management, speciation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Adaptive divergence with gene flow often results in complex patterns of variation within taxa exhibiting substantial ecological differences among populations. One example where this may have occurred is the parallel evolution of freshwater-resident nonparasitic lampreys from anadromous-parasitic ancestors. Previous studies have focused on transitions between these two phenotypic extremes, but here, we considered more complex evolutionary scenarios where an intermediate freshwater form that remains parasitic is found sympatrically with the other two ecotypes. Using population genomic analysis (restriction-associated DNA sequencing), we found that a freshwater-parasitic ecotype was highly distinct from an anadromous-parasitic form (Qlake-P = 96.8%, Fst = 0.154), but that a freshwater-nonparasitic form was almost completely admixed in Loch Lomond, Scotland. Demographic reconstructions indicated that both freshwater populations likely derived from a common freshwater ancestor. However, while the nonparasitic ecotype has experienced high levels of introgression from the anadromous-parasitic ecotype (Qanad-P = 37.7%), there is no evidence of introgression into the freshwater-parasitic ecotype. Paradoxically, mate choice experiments predicted high potential for gene flow: Males from all ecotypes were stimulated to spawn with freshwater-parasitic females, which released gametes in response to all ecotypes. Differentially fixed single nucleotide polymorphisms identified genes associated with growth and development, which could possibly influence the timing of metamorphosis, resulting in significant ecological differences between forms. This suggests that multiple lamprey ecotypes can persist in sympatry following shifts in adaptive peaks, due to environmental change during their repeated colonization of post-glacial regions, followed by periods of extensive gene flow among such diverging populations.
2016
Byford, G.J., Wagner, C.M., Hume, J.B. & Moser, M.L.
In: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, vol. 36, iss. 5, pp. 1090–1096, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: alarm cue, barrier, conservation, fishway, management, semiochemical
@article{nokey,
title = {Do native Pacific lamprey and invasive sea lamprey share an alarm cue? Implications for use of a natural repellent to guide imperiled Pacific lamprey into fishways},
author = {Byford, G.J., Wagner, C.M., Hume, J.B. & Moser, M.L.},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2016.1198286},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-08-31},
journal = {North American Journal of Fisheries Management},
volume = {36},
issue = {5},
pages = {1090–1096},
abstract = {Instream barriers affect anadromous lampreys worldwide by preventing access to spawning habitat, resulting in the decline of several species. Because lampreys rely heavily on olfactory cues to choose movement paths during upstream migration in rivers, the manipulation of these cues may be used to guide individuals into the vicinity of fish passage devices and thereby mitigate the impacts of barriers during migration. However, because experimentation with imperiled species presents significant legal and ethical challenges, use of a surrogate species that exhibits similar responses may prove very useful. Our laboratory study established that (1) the odor derived from dead Pacific Lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus elicits an avoidance response from invasive Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus from the Laurentian Great Lakes, and (2) the magnitude of this response does not differ from the conspecific alarm cue present in Sea Lamprey. By presenting the odor on the side of a river channel opposite a lamprey fish passage device, migrating lampreys of conservation concern may be guided to fishways, if the behavioral response to the cue has evolved in these taxa. Due to their availability and well-studied chemical communication system, Sea Lamprey may prove to be a useful surrogate for identifying and producing chemosensory cues for use in guiding Pacific Lampreys towards fish passage devices and away from intakes and screens.},
keywords = {alarm cue, barrier, conservation, fishway, management, semiochemical},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Instream barriers affect anadromous lampreys worldwide by preventing access to spawning habitat, resulting in the decline of several species. Because lampreys rely heavily on olfactory cues to choose movement paths during upstream migration in rivers, the manipulation of these cues may be used to guide individuals into the vicinity of fish passage devices and thereby mitigate the impacts of barriers during migration. However, because experimentation with imperiled species presents significant legal and ethical challenges, use of a surrogate species that exhibits similar responses may prove very useful. Our laboratory study established that (1) the odor derived from dead Pacific Lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus elicits an avoidance response from invasive Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus from the Laurentian Great Lakes, and (2) the magnitude of this response does not differ from the conspecific alarm cue present in Sea Lamprey. By presenting the odor on the side of a river channel opposite a lamprey fish passage device, migrating lampreys of conservation concern may be guided to fishways, if the behavioral response to the cue has evolved in these taxa. Due to their availability and well-studied chemical communication system, Sea Lamprey may prove to be a useful surrogate for identifying and producing chemosensory cues for use in guiding Pacific Lampreys towards fish passage devices and away from intakes and screens.
2015
Hume, J.B., Meckley, T.D., Johnson, N.S., Luhring, T.M., Siefkes, M.J. & Wagner, C.M.
The application of an alarm cue in a push-pull configuration hastens arrival of invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) at a trapping location Journal Article
In: Canadian journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 72, iss. 12, pp. 1799–1806, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: alarm cue, barrier, control, management, sea lamprey, trap
@article{nokey,
title = {The application of an alarm cue in a push-pull configuration hastens arrival of invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) at a trapping location},
author = {Hume, J.B., Meckley, T.D., Johnson, N.S., Luhring, T.M., Siefkes, M.J. & Wagner, C.M. },
url = {https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0535},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-12-01},
urldate = {2015-12-01},
journal = {Canadian journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
volume = {72},
issue = {12},
pages = {1799–1806},
abstract = {The sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus is an invasive pest in the Laurentian Great Lakes basin, threatening the persistence of important commercial and recreational fisheries. There is substantial interest in developing effective trapping practices via the application of behavior-modifying semiochemicals (odors). Here we report on the effectiveness of utilizing repellent and attractant odors in a push–pull configuration, commonly employed to tackle invertebrate pests, to improve trapping efficacy at permanent barriers to sea lamprey migration. When a half-stream channel was activated by a naturally derived repellent odor (a putative alarm cue), we found that sea lamprey located a trap entrance significantly faster than when no odor was present as a result of their redistribution within the stream. The presence of a partial sex pheromone, acting as an attractant within the trap, was not found to further decrease the time to when sea lamprey located a trap entrance relative to when the alarm cue alone was applied. Neither the application of alarm cue singly nor alarm cue and partial sex pheromone in combination was found to improve the numbers of sea lamprey captured in the trap versus when no odor was present — likely because nominal capture rate during control trials was unusually high during the study period. Behavioural guidance using these odors has the potential to both improve control of invasive non-native sea lamprey in the Great Lakes as well as improving the efficiency of fish passage devices used in the restoration of threatened lamprey species elsewhere.},
keywords = {alarm cue, barrier, control, management, sea lamprey, trap},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus is an invasive pest in the Laurentian Great Lakes basin, threatening the persistence of important commercial and recreational fisheries. There is substantial interest in developing effective trapping practices via the application of behavior-modifying semiochemicals (odors). Here we report on the effectiveness of utilizing repellent and attractant odors in a push–pull configuration, commonly employed to tackle invertebrate pests, to improve trapping efficacy at permanent barriers to sea lamprey migration. When a half-stream channel was activated by a naturally derived repellent odor (a putative alarm cue), we found that sea lamprey located a trap entrance significantly faster than when no odor was present as a result of their redistribution within the stream. The presence of a partial sex pheromone, acting as an attractant within the trap, was not found to further decrease the time to when sea lamprey located a trap entrance relative to when the alarm cue alone was applied. Neither the application of alarm cue singly nor alarm cue and partial sex pheromone in combination was found to improve the numbers of sea lamprey captured in the trap versus when no odor was present — likely because nominal capture rate during control trials was unusually high during the study period. Behavioural guidance using these odors has the potential to both improve control of invasive non-native sea lamprey in the Great Lakes as well as improving the efficiency of fish passage devices used in the restoration of threatened lamprey species elsewhere.